Systems and methods for passively dosing a fluid with consumable additives

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for passively dosing fluid with a consumable additive in a controlled and measured fashion. A capsule containing the additive is placed in a fluid reservoir and passively doses static water in the reservoir over time. Instead of directly exposing the additive to the dispensing system&#39;s fluid, fluid within the capsule&#39;s internal volume becomes saturated with dissolved additive and then diffuses to the dispensing system&#39;s fluid through one or more openings. The one or more openings are sized so the that the diffusion occurs at a predetermined rate, and are positioned on the capsule to prevent an undesirable fluid exchange which extends the life of the additive and maintains a constant diffusion rate. The size of the cartridge can be selected to control the volume of fluid that is passively dosed within the reservoir, thereby controlling an overall concentration of additive in the total volume dispensed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/329,804, filed May 25, 2021, the entire contentsof which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

Embodiments of the disclosure are directed to the dosing of additives toa static and/or dynamic fluid.

BACKGROUND

Many conventional on-demand water filtration systems add consumableadditives (e.g., flavoring, minerals, scale inhibitors) to drinkingwater as it flows through the system. For example, upon request from auser, tap water is directed through a filter element to filter thewater, and then filtered water is then actively dosed with additive asit flows toward the exit and ultimately dispensed into the user's cup.

Active dosing approaches (e.g., injection of additive) can be complexand pricey as most require sensors and pumps to achieve a desiredconcentration. Alternatively, dosing can be performed passively—e.g., byflowing the water over a solid pellet of dissolving additive material orby flowing water through a capsule containing loose additive material.However, such approaches suffer from several drawbacks. Many areincapable of delivering consistent amounts of additive during each usesince, for example, the exposed surface area of solid pellets and looseadditive material decreases with each use as additive is consumed.Further, many are incapable of controlling the delivered concentrationsince, for example, some dose the entire volume of fluid to be dispensed(e.g., water filter pitchers), which can result in higher concentrationsthan desired if left to sit for too long. Still further, many arequickly depleted of additive since, for example, (i) pelletized andloose additive must be highly soluble if dosing flowing water to highconcentration, (ii) the additives are subjected to conditions thatpromote inefficient consumption, such as turbulent flow and uncontrolleddosing conditions (e.g., the above example where a large volume isoverdosed. Still further yet, many cannot be retrofitted to work withexisting fluid dispensing systems as each requires certain specializedstructure.

Therefore, there is a need for a fluid dispensing system that doses thefluid with additive in controlled and consistent amounts whileminimizing consumption of the additive.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure is directed to a fluid dispensing systemconfigured for passively dosing a fluid with a consumable additive in acontrolled and measured fashion. The fluid dispensing system, in variousembodiments, may comprise a fluid reservoir, and a capsule situatedwithin the fluid reservoir and configured to contain an additivematerial. In some embodiments, the capsule includes (i) a sizeconfigured to allow a predetermined volume of fluid to collect withinthe fluid reservoir (“static fluid volume”), and (ii) one or moreopenings configured to control a rate at which the additive materialdiffuses into the static fluid volume from a volume of fluid within thecapsule (“capsule fluid volume”). The fluid dispensing system may beconfigured such that the static fluid volume is passively dosed with theadditive material prior to being dispensed from the fluid dispensingsystem.

According to various embodiments, during each use the fluid dispensingsystem may be configured to dispense the passively dosed static fluidvolume and a volume of flowing fluid (“flowing fluid volume”) such thatthe total volume of fluid dispensed from the fluid dispensing system hasa predetermined concentration of the additive material (“totalconcentration”). In some embodiments, the predetermined concentration ofthe additive material may be proportional to the concentration of theadditive in the passively dosed static fluid volume (“staticconcentration”) and the relative volume of the static fluid volume.

In various embodiments, the fluid reservoir may comprise a hollow coreof a filter element. In some embodiments of the fluid dispensing systemthe capsule may comprise an elongate body having a closed top, a closedbottom, a side wall, and an interior configured to contain the additivematerial. In some embodiments the one or more openings are positioned inthe closed top. Alternatively, one or more openings may be positioned inthe side wall according to some embodiments. In various embodiments theclosed top may be a removable lid. In an embodiment the one or moreopenings may be configured to minimize transfer of the additive materialfrom the capsule to the flowing fluid volume.

The fluid dispensing system, using one opening or a plurality ofopenings each situated at approximately the same lengthwise position onthe capsule according to various embodiments, may be configured tominimize a pressure differential between the interior of the capsule andfluid reservoir as the flowing fluid volume flows by the capsule. Thecapsule fluid reservoir volume (CFRV) and the collective diameter of theone or more openings (COD) may be selected according to some embodimentsusing the following equation:

COD=CFRV*0.005

According to some embodiments, to achieve a total concentration of 10μg/L-1000 mg/L using the additive material having a solubility of 1μg/L-1000 g/L in a total volume of 10-1,000,000 gallons fluid to bedispensed from the fluid dispensing system having a fluid reservoirvolume of 1-1000 cm3, a capsule volumetric size may be 2-999 cm3, andcollective size of the one or more openings (COD) may be 1-26 mm. Insome embodiments, the additive material may comprise a scale inhibitorand the fluid may comprise water.

In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method fordosing a fluid with an additive material. In some embodiments, themethod may comprise inserting a capsule into a fluid reservoir, whereinthe capsule contains an additive material and has a size configured toallow a predetermined volume of fluid to collect within the fluidreservoir (“static fluid volume”). The additive material may be allowedto diffuse from a volume of fluid within the capsule (“capsule fluidvolume”) into the static fluid volume through one or more openings inthe capsule to passively dose the static fluid volume with aconcentration of the additive material (“static concentration”). Inaddition, some embodiments include a method step of dispensing thepassively dosed static fluid volume from the fluid reservoir. In someembodiments, the method may include directing a volume of fluid throughthe fluid reservoir (“flowing fluid volume”), wherein the static fluidvolume and the static concentration are selected to impart the totalvolume of fluid dispensed from the fluid dispensing system with apredetermined concentration of the additive material (“totalconcentration”).

A step of selecting a capsule size, according to various embodiments,may include the difference between a volume of the fluid reservoir andthe static fluid volume. In some embodiments, allowing the additivematerial to diffuse may include allowing a predetermined period of timeto pass, where the predetermined period of time may be selected based onat least one or a combination of the desired static concentration, asolubility of the additive material, a temperature of the fluid, adensity of the fluid, pH, and electrical impedance.

According to some embodiments, the method may include directing a volumeof fluid through the fluid reservoir at least partially concurrent withdispensing the passively dosed static fluid volume from the fluidreservoir. Directing a volume of fluid through the fluid reservoir mayoccur, in some embodiments, subsequent to dispensing the passively dosedstatic fluid volume from the fluid reservoir.

The method may further include providing the structure described herein,such a fluid reservoir comprising a hollow core of a filter elementaccording to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the method mayinclude positioning the one or more openings in a closed top of thecapsule. In various embodiments the method may include positioning theone or more openings are in a side wall of the capsule. A capsule fluidreservoir volume (CFRV) and a collective diameter of the one or moreopenings (COD) may, according to various embodiments, be selectedaccording to the following equation:

COD=CFRV*0.005

To achieve a total concentration of 10 μg/L-1000 mg/L using the additivematerial having a solubility of 1 μg/L-1000 g/L in a total volume of10-1,000,000 gallons fluid to be dispensed from the fluid dispensingsystem having a fluid reservoir volume of 1-1000 cm3, a capsule fluidreservoir volume (CFRV) may be 2-999 cm3 and the collective size of theone or more openings (COD) may be 1-26 mm according to some embodiments.The method, according to some embodiments, may include a step ofselecting a scale inhibitor as the additive material and providing wateras the fluid.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a perspective and exploded view of a representative fluiddispensing system.

FIG. 1B shows an exploded view of a representative pressure vesselsubassembly of the fluid dispensing system of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 shows a representative embodiment of fluid dispensing systemcomprising filter element, fluid reservoir, and capsule.

FIGS. 3A-3C and FIGS. 4A-4C show a capsule according to variousembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate representative pressures and forces associatedwith flowing fluid past a capsule having side opening(s).

FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate representative pressures and forces associatedwith flowing fluid past a capsule having lid opening(s).

FIG. 7A illustrates a representative initial setup and operation of afluid dispensing system.

FIG. 7B shows fluid collecting in a capsule and fluid reservoir.

FIG. 7C depicts a portion of a solid additive 140 dissolving anddiffusing throughout fluid in the capsule and the fluid reservoir.

FIG. 7D illustrates a passively dosed static fluid volume beingdisplaced out of the fluid reservoir.

FIG. 7E shows fresh, non-dosed fluid being directed through the filterelement and out of the fluid reservoir.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure include systems and methods forpassively dosing a fluid with a consumable additive in a controlled andmeasured fashion. The system offers numerous benefits over the priorart. For example, prior art systems require a complex arrangement ofsensors, pumps, flowmeters, etc. to monitor additive consumption. Incontrast, the additive release system of this disclosure needs nomonitoring or forced dispensing which results in simplified deliverymethod with significant manufacturing cost savings. The simplicity ofthe system also allows easy adaptation into any existing fluid systemwhere a steady timed release of additive is desired.

In addition, the system provides a way to conserve additive by isolatingit from degrading fluid flow. Isolating the additive inside a capsulewith a reservoir designed to minimize fluid motion results in a moreconsistent dosing mechanism as compared to the prior art. For example,in conventional dosing arrangements, fluid flowing (i.e., in a dynamicstate) past additive pellets cause the pellets to degrade which in turnchanges the surface area of the pellet. The difference in surface areacause the additive to be released into the stream at different ratesduring its lifetime, resulting in an inconsistent dose.

Another advantage is that the additive system described in thisapplication prevents overdosing. In the prior art, additive exposed to acontinuous fluid flow will continue to erode until it is completelygone. In contrast, the capsule described herein prevents over-erosion ofthe additive by isolating it from flowing liquid. In prior art systems,the additive will degrade in idle systems to the point where fluid flowwill carry an undesirable amount of additive to a target vessel. Thisusually requires an exchange of the additive cartridge after long idleperiods to prevent this undesirable situation. The fluid inside thecapsule reservoir described in this application becomes saturated withadditive in solution and which diffuses out the capsule into an externalfluid filled volume at a consistent rate. The system has the addedbenefit that once the external fluid filled volume reaches the samesaturation equilibrium, diffusion will cease, and the system will remainat equilibrium until a fluid flow carries the external fluid away.Therefore, the system prevents overdosing in systems that may remainidle for extended periods of time.

For ease of explanation, the systems and methods disclosed herein may bedescribed in the context of water filtration, wherein the filtered fluidis filtered water and the consumable additive; however, the presentdisclosure is not intended to be limited as such. Instead, it should berecognized that the systems and methods for passively dosing a filteredfluid may be applied to any suitable fluid, in combination with anyconsumable additive. Further, while the systems and methods disclosedherein may be described in the context of filtration systems, it shouldbe recognized that filtration is, in various embodiments, optional, asthe present systems and methods may be adapted to dose unfiltered fluidwith consumable additives in similar manner.

Fluid Dispensing System 100

FIG. 1A shows a perspective and exploded view of a representative fluiddispensing system 100 similar to that disclosed in prior art U.S. Pat.No. 9,783,430 to Rice, which is incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety for all purposes. The representative fluid dispensing system100 generally includes a lid assembly 10, housing assembly 20, ringenclosure 30, and a pressure vessel 35 for receiving a filter element110 and a capsule 130. The housing assembly 20 and ring enclosure 30 canbe a single, integral unit such that the lid assembly 10 attachesdirectly to the housing assembly 20. A source water line (inlet) 21 andfiltered water line (outlet) 22 connect to the housing assembly 20 andserve to receive source water in need of filtration and dispensefiltered water.

FIG. 1B shows an exploded view of a representative pressure vesselsubassembly of the fluid dispensing system 100 of FIG. 1A. The pressurevessel sub-assembly comprises broadly the pressure vessel 35, exitfitting 251, fluid inlet 252, impeller module housing 255, impellermodule 256, O-rings 257, elbow fitting 258 and exit gasket 259. Theimpeller module 255 is configured to move purified water into purifiedwater line (outlet) 22. In one embodiment, the pressure vessel 35 isfabricated of stainless steel.

Water enters the pressure vessel 35 through the barbed port 253 on theentry/exit fitting 252. The water then flows out fitting 253 throughport 255. In this embodiment, the filter 110 sits inverted in thepressure vessel 35 so the water exits out the bottom through fitting253. In some other filtration system embodiments, such as thosepresented in FIGS. 2-7E, the water exists out the top of the system.However, the dosing mechanism provided by capsule 130 works the samewhether water flows from the top or bottom of filter 110. Whether thefilter 110 is inverted or upright, the capsule 110 should be uprightsuch that gravity keeps the additive 140 at the bottom of the capsulefluid reservoir 134 and rising gas is allowed to escape through theopening(s) 133.

Regardless of its embodiment as a water filtration system or otherwise,fluid dispensing system 100, in various embodiments, may generallycomprise one or more of (i) a filter element 110 for filtering thewater, (ii) a fluid reservoir 120 in fluid communication with the filterelement 110 in which filtered water collects after use, and/or (iii) acapsule 130 containing an additive 140 residing in fluid reservoir 120,as best shown in the cross sectional view of FIG. 2 . Generallyspeaking, system 100 may be configured to passively dose a volume ofstatic, filtered water residing in fluid reservoir 120 between uses and,during use, dispense the dosed volume of filtered water along withanother volume of filtered water that predominantly bypasses capsule 130without being dosed due at least in part to the particular constructionof capsule 130, as described in more detail herein.

It should be recognized that filter element 110 may be optional, such asin embodiments where pre-filtered fluid or unfiltered fluid are to bedosed with additive 140 (not shown), in which case fluid reservoir 120may be in direct fluid communication with a source of the pre-filteredor unfiltered fluid. In such cases, fluid reservoir 120 mayalternatively be embodied by pressure vessel 35 itself or by any othervessel or fixed-volume structure configured to accommodate capsule 130therein, store a static volume of fluid about capsule 130 so as topermit diffusion of additive 140 into the static volume of fluid, andpermit a flowing volume of fluid to enter and be dispensed therefrom.For example, in some embodiments, fluid dispensing system 100 may beconnected downstream of a reservoir of already-filtered fluid (e.g., adrinking water tank) or fluid that need not be filtered for a particularapplication (e.g., potable water storage, chemical mixing systems) andas such, may omit filter element 110, replacing it instead with a vesselor other fixed-volume structure to serve as fluid reservoir 120.

Filter Element 110

FIG. 2 shows a representative embodiment of fluid dispensing system 100comprising filter element 110, fluid reservoir 120, and capsule 130.Filter element 110, in various embodiments, can be any conventional,commercially available filter that includes a core 114 with internalvolume capable of housing capsule 130. In this example, filter element110 includes a top cap 111, a bottom cap 112, and an elongated body 113,each of which defines the walls of a substantially hollow core 114.While the elongated body 113 is shown as tubular in this embodiment, theshape is not critical so long as it is capable of accommodating thecapsule 130 and a predetermined volume of fluid within its hollow core114.

Fluid Reservoir 120

In the present embodiment, hollow core 114 defines a fluid reservoir 120in which a volume of fluid collects and sits static between uses offluid dispensing system 100. As later described in more detail, duringuse, fluid dispensing system 100 directs fluid through at least aportion of the elongated body 113, into filtered fluid reservoir 120,and out one or more openings in the top cap 111 for dispensing fromfluid dispensing system 100. After flow through the system ceases, somefluid remains in fluid reservoir 120 and is passively dosed withadditive 140 according to the principles further described herein.

Capsule 130

FIGS. 3A-3C and FIGS. 4A-4C show capsule 130 according to variousembodiments of the present disclosure. Capsule 130, in variousembodiments, may generally include a closed top 131 (shown and describedhere as a removable capsule lid), a substantially hollow capsule body132 with a closed bottom, and one or more openings 133. Generallyspeaking, closed top 131 and capsule body 132 may cooperate to define acapsule fluid reservoir 134 within capsule 130 in which additive 140 iscontained, and opening(s) 133 may be configured to place capsule fluidreservoir 134 into fluid communication with fluid reservoir 120 andthereby allow additive 140 to diffuse from fluid residing within capsulefluid reservoir 134 (hereinafter referred to as “capsule fluid volume135”) into static fluid residing in fluid reservoir 120 between uses offluid dispensing system 100 (hereinafter referred to as “static fluidvolume 121”), as later described in more detail herein. Such diffusionmay be referred to herein as “passive dosing,” (or derivatives thereof)due to the passive nature in which capsule 130 doses static fluid volume121 with additive 140 (i.e., via diffusion between static volumes offluid).

Additive 140, in various embodiments, may comprise any substance that,when delivered into fluid to be dispensed from fluid dispensing system100, changes the chemistry of the fluid to accomplish a specific result.Suitable substance types include one or more of scale inhibitors, flavoradditives, cleaning solutions, color additives, and/or any conventionaladditive commercially available capable of dissolving in solution. Otherexample systems compatible with the principles described herein includemineral dosing (e.g., calcium, magnesium, potassium) to yield healthfulmineral water, and pH control (hydrochloric or sulfuric acid) to aidwith other filtration steps.

Referring first to FIGS. 3A-3C, in various embodiments, opening(s) 133may be situated in closed top 131. As shown in FIG. 3B, in someembodiments, lid 131 may include a single, relatively large opening 133while, in other embodiments, lid 131 may contain a plurality ofrelatively small openings 133 as shown in FIG. 3C. The size of opening133 (or collective size of multiple openings 133) may be configured tocontrol a rate at which additive 140 may diffuse through opening(s) 133into static fluid volume 121 from capsule fluid volume 135. That is, thesize of opening(s) 133 may be based on the desired diffusion rate overtime. In various embodiments, the collective dimensions of the pluralityof relatively small openings 133 may be substantially similar to thedimensions of the single opening 133 for a given desired diffusion rate.Controlling the diffusion rate may provide for passive dosing staticfluid volume 121 to a predetermined concentration within a predeterminedamount of time. FIG. 3C illustrates multiple smaller capsule openings133 distributed about the lid upper surface 211. Depending on the fluid,it may be desirable to have cluster lid openings 312 and/or distributedlid openings 313 to obtain the desired area for additive 140 diffusionswithout creating holes large enough for eddies to form from fluidflowing in the external volume 320, which could promote a fluid exchangebetween capsule fluid 135 and flowing fluid volume 122 (later describedin the context of FIG. 7E) as later described in more detail herein.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A-4C, in various embodiments, opening(s) 133 mayinstead be situated in capsule body 132. As shown in FIG. 4A, in someembodiments, capsule body 132 may include a single, relatively largeopening 133 while, in other embodiments, capsule body 132 may contain aplurality of relatively small openings 133 as shown in FIG. 4B. Invarious embodiments, opening(s) 133 may be situated near closed top 131as shown, as such placement is distal from the additive 140 and allowsair within the capsule 130 to evacuate through buoyancy when the capsule130 is initially filled with water. Similar to configurations in whichopening(s) 133 is situated in closed top 131, the size of opening 133(or collective size of multiple openings 133) may be configured tocontrol a rate at which additive 140 may diffuse through opening(s) 133into static fluid volume 121 from capsule fluid volume 135. That is, thesize of opening(s) 133 may be based on the desired diffusion rate overtime. In various embodiments, the collective dimensions of the pluralityof relatively small openings may be substantially similar to thedimensions of the single opening for a given desired diffusion rate.Controlling the diffusion rate may provide for passive dosing staticfluid volume 121 to a predetermined concentration within a predeterminedamount of time.

The size and placement of opening(s) 133, in various embodiments, may befurther configured to minimize transfer of additive 140 from capsulefluid reservoir 134 into fluid flowing past capsule 130 during use offluid dispensing system 100.

In one aspect, the size of opening(s) 133 may be configured to minimizetransfer of additive 140 from capsule fluid reservoir 134 into fluidflowing past capsule 130 during use of fluid dispensing system 100.Generally speaking, smaller openings 133 are less likely to createlocalized eddies/turbulence that would strengthen a pressuredifferential across each opening 133. Stated otherwise, if an opening133 is too large, localized eddies/turbulence may generate a relativelystronger low-pressure zone outside of the opening 133 that may urgeadditive-containing fluid to exit capsule 130. Likewise, stirring upcapsule fluid volume 135 may in turn disturb undissolved additive 140contained within capsule fluid reservoir 134, which may result inundissolved additive 140 escaping capsule 130 through hole(s) 133,thereby dosing the flowing fluid and hastening consumption of additive140. In various embodiments, a series of smaller openings 133 may beused to mitigate these effects.

With reference to FIG. 5A and FIG. 6A, and without wishing to be boundby theory, in single-opening embodiments, forces seeking to establishequilibrium between the inside and outside of capsule 130 may resistoutflow forces that may otherwise be generated by these localized lowpressure zones formed by eddies/turbulence outside of the opening 133.Stated otherwise, because these embodiments of capsule 130 have only oneopening 133, replacement fluid cannot be drawn into capsule 130 as fluidwas drawn out through opening 133. Embodiments of capsule 130 havingsubstantially rigid constructions may maintain structural integrity(i.e., will not collapse inwards) as the pressure lowers within capsulefluid reservoir 134 and thus it would be difficult for any low pressurezone generated by eddies/turbulence to overpower the resultingequilibrium force, much in the way it can be difficult to suck fluidthrough a straw out of a fully sealed bottle without another hole toallow the pressure to equalize. It should be appreciated that, whileturbulence created in the wake of capsule 130 may create a low pressurezone proximate the face of closed top 131, the absence of an upstreamopening(s) would minimize a pressure differential between capsule fluidreservoir 134 and the wake regardless of the number and size of openings133 in closed top 131, much in the way it is difficult to suck fluid outof a sealed bottle without a hole to equalize the pressure.

With reference to FIG. 5B and FIG. 6B, and without wishing to be boundby theory, multi-opening embodiments may be configured to leverageequilibrium forces in a similar manner to minimize transfer of additive140 from capsule fluid reservoir 134 into fluid flowing past capsule 130during use of fluid dispensing system 100. To be effective, openings 133should be sized and positioned such that low-pressure zones generatedoutside of each opening are substantially similar. In this way, no oneoutflow force can overcome the other(s) and create a pressuredifferential that draws fluid in through one opening and out the otheropening. In various embodiments, this may be achieved by positioningsimilarly sized openings 133 at the same approximate lengthwise positionon capsule body 132. As configured, localized flow at each opening 133is likely to behave substantially the same and thereby generatecounteracting outflow forces. Resulting equilibrium forces maycounteract these outflow forces, thereby minimizing undesired fluidexchange. If instead capsule 130 were configured with a first opening133 a in capsule body 132 and a second opening 133 b either furtherdownstream in capsule body 132 or in closed top 131 (configuration notshown), localized flow at each opening 133 a, 133 b may differ,resulting in a pressure differential that for example draws fluid intocapsule 130 through first opening 133 a and out of capsule 130 throughsecond opening 133 b.

In another aspect, aligning opening(s) 133 to be flush with local flowmay help minimize transfer of additive 140, as fluid flowing along anouter surface of capsule body 132 is more likely to bypass opening(s)133 without being forced or drawn therethrough. For example, positioningopening(s) 133 through the side wall of body 132 may promote laminarflow and situate the opening(s) such that local flow would have to turnsharply (e.g., turn 90 degrees) in order to enter opening(s) 133.Likewise, positioning opening(s) 133 through closed top 131 may act toshield opening(s) 133, as fluid flowing along the side wall of capsulebody 132 would have to turn sharply (e.g., turn 180 degrees) uponpassing the downstream end of capsule 130 (i.e., closed top 131) inorder to enter opening(s) 133. Absent a strong pressure differential,flow is generally more likely to skirt past openings 133 positioned incapsule body 132 or in closed top 131.

Operation of Fluid Dispensing System 100

FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate various steps in a representative operation offluid dispensing system 100.

FIG. 7A illustrates a representative initial setup and operation offluid dispensing system 100. Capsule 130 may be placed inside fluidreservoir 120 and, optionally, mounted or otherwise secured therein. Inthe embodiment shown, capsule 130 is situated cap-up and is secured tothe bottom of fluid reservoir 120. Positioning capsule 130 in thismanner may help situate opening(s) 130 low enough within fluid reservoir120 to ensure opening(s) 130 are submerged in static fluid volume 121,while also causing diffusion to emanate from a relatively centralportion of the water column defined by static fluid volume 121, therebypromoting relatively uniform dispersion of additive 140 throughoutstatic fluid volume 121. Further, in embodiments in which opening(s) 133are situated in closed top 131, positioning capsule 130 cap-up positionsopening(s) 133 at the downstream end of capsule 130 where they areshielded from the ram effect and turbulence of streamwise flow aspreviously described, much like trout are protected from strong currentsin a river when they hug the downstream side of a rock where the localwater is relatively calm (assuming flow of flowing fluid volume 122 inan upwards direction within fluid reservoir 120). Fluid, represented byhorizontal arrows, enters filter 110 through one or more pores inelongated body 113, which may comprise one or more filter elements(e.g., carbon, mesh, etc.).

Referring now to FIG. 7B, the fluid entering through filter element 110collects in fluid reservoir 120 defined by hollow core 114. When thefluid level reaches opening(s) 133 in capsule 130, a portion of thefluid enters capsule 130 through opening(s) 133, displacing the airwithin capsule fluid reservoir 134. Fluid may continue to collect withinand ultimately fill capsule reservoir 134 with a capsule fluid volume135.

Referring now to FIG. 7C, a portion of solid additive 140 in contactwith capsule fluid volume 135 dissolves and diffuses throughout capsulefluid volume 135, as illustrated by the lower arrow. Over time, capsulefluid volume 135 may become saturated with dissolved additive 140. Asmore time passes, dissolved additive 140 in saturated fluid volume 135may diffuse out of capsule 130 and into static fluid volume 121 inhollow core 114, thereby passively dosing static fluid volume 121 withdissolved additive, as illustrated by the upper arrow. Depending on howmuch time passes, static fluid volume 121 may eventually become fullysaturated with dissolved additive 140 as well. In some embodiments, theconcentration of dissolved additive 140 present in static fluid volume121 may be controlled by controlling one or a combination of severalparameters including, without limitation, a duration for which staticfluid volume 121 is permitted to be stored in hollow core 114, adissolution rate of additive 140, the size (i.e., volume) of staticfluid volume 121, the size (or collective size) of opening(s) 133 incapsule 130, the temperature of the fluid, and the density of the fluid,amongst other parameters that will be apparent to one of ordinary skillin the art, as further described in more detail herein. It should beappreciated that by limiting the volume of fluid permitted to contactsolid additive 140 in capsule 130, and by keeping that volume relativelyundisturbed (e.g., shielding it from flowing fluid volume 122, laterdescribed) much like a marina protects boats from rough waters, the rateat which solid additive 140 is consumed can be reduced such that capsule130 need not be refreshed with additional additive 140 as often as maybe the case were solid additive 140 permitted to freely associate withthe larger static fluid volume 121 in fluid reservoir 120. Similarly,once both capsule fluid volume 135 and static fluid volume 121 issaturated, further dissolution of solid additive 140 may cease as thefluid can no support additional concentration of dissolved mass. Thisprevents further degradation of additive 140 while the system is not inuse.

Referring now to FIG. 7D, when a user wishes to dispense fluid fromfluid dispensing system 100, passively dosed static fluid volume 121 maybe displaced out of hollow core 114 through one or more openings in topcap 111 by new water entering the core, as represented by the verticalarrows. Notably, despite the introduction of new water, saturatedcapsule fluid volume 135 largely remains behind in capsule fluidreservoir 134 due to capsule 130 resistance to equalization, aspreviously described. It should be appreciated that, by retainingsaturated capsule fluid volume 135 in capsule 130, the process ofpassively dosing a new static fluid volume 121 after the current use offluid dispensing system 100 need not start from scratch. This may reducethe time needed to passively dose the new static fluid volume 121 to adesired concentration, as well as reduce consumption of solid additive140.

Referring now to FIG. 7E, during or after dispensing passively dosedstatic fluid volume 121, fresh, non-dosed fluid may be directed throughfilter element 110 and into hollow core 114, as illustrated by thehorizontal arrows. This volume, referred to herein as “flowing fluidvolume 122”, is continuously evacuated from hollow core 114 fordispensing. As such, flowing fluid volume 122 flows past capsule 130while largely avoiding uptake of any dissolved or solid additive 140residing within capsule 130 due to the design of capsule 130 aspreviously described. Although there is continuous fluid flow throughfilter element 110 and out of hollow core 114 (shown by a combination ofhorizontal and vertical lines) the concentration of dissolved additive140 within capsule fluid volume 135 remains substantially constant. Theadditive 140 dissolves into capsule fluid volume 135 between each use offluid dispensing system 100 (and then diffuses into new static fluidvolumes 121), but additive 140 is not dissolved by or during the flow offluid through fluid dispensing system 100 unlike prior art systems. Thisallows for a controlled, consistent, time-based discharge of additive140 (dependent on various parameters, as previously and later describedherein) into static fluid in the system between uses, as opposed torelatively uncontrolled, inconsistent discharge of additive into a fluidflow as undertaken by the prior art. Notably, saturated capsule fluidvolume 135 largely remains behind in capsule fluid reservoir 134subsequent to dispensing both volumes of fluid (i.e., static fluidvolume 121 and flowing fluid volume 122) from fluid dispensing system100. As configured, once capsule fluid volume 135 becomes saturatedduring initial use, it may remain substantially saturated until all ofthe solid additive 140 is consumed. The term “substantially saturated”includes small exchanges with static fluid volume 121 and/or flowingfluid volume 122 that are the result of the diffusion process and thatexchange is limited to a rate proportional to the area of opening 133.In other words, any exchange of fluid between the two volumes primarilyresults from diffusion rather than the flow of fluid around the capsule130.

Controlling Passive Dosing

Attention is now drawn to a discussion on the principles of the system'sdiffusion mechanism and how to determine the proper amount of additiveto diffuse over a given time. While there are several variablescontrolling an additive's solubility and rate of diffusion throughout avolume of fluid, we will begin with a simplified example.

As configured, fluid dispensing system 100 may control the overallconcentration of dissolved additive 140 present in the total volume offluid dispensed by controlling the volumes and concentrations ofdissolved additive 140 in each of static fluid volume 121 and flowingfluid volume 122. Generally speaking, as illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7E,static fluid volume 121 (V_(Static)) is passively dosed with a firstconcentration of additive 140 prior to being dispensed (C_(Static)) andflowing fluid volume 122 (V_(Flowing)) remains largely undosed (the term“largely undosed” includes possible escape of saturated fluid fromcapsule 130 into flowing fluid volume 122, which is negligible comparedto the volume of flowing fluid volume 122) and has a secondconcentration of additive 140 (C_(Flowing)). Thus, the total volume offluid dispensed from system (V_(Total)) is V_(Static)+V_(Flowing).Accordingly, the resultant concentration of additive in V_(Total) may bethe volumetric weighted average of C_(Static) and C_(Flowing).

Because the overall concentration of dissolved additive 140 present inV_(Total) (C_(Total)) may be a function of V_(Static), it follows thatcontrolling V_(Static) can be used to control C_(Ttotal). In variousembodiments, fluid dispensing system 100 may be configured to controlV_(Static) (and thus C_(Ttotal)) by increasing or decreasing the size ofcapsule 130 relative to fluid reservoir 120 (e.g., hollow core 114). Inother words, by increasing the size of capsule 130, the available spacein fluid reservoir 120 decreases, and thus static fluid volume 121decreases. All things remaining the same, the resultant portion ofV_(Total) that has been passively dosed with dissolved additive 140thereby decreases, such that C_(Total) decreases as well. Likewise, bydecreasing the size of capsule 130, the available space in fluidreservoir 120 increases, and thus static fluid volume 121 increases. Allthings remaining the same, the resultant portion of V_(Total) that hasbeen passively dosed with dissolved additive 140 thereby increases, suchthat C_(Total) increases as well.

Knowing this, a user is able to select an appropriately sized capsule130 for achieving a desired C_(Total) for its particular fluiddispensing system and typical usage. For example, consider a user thathas a fluid dispensing system 100 having a one liter fluid reservoir 120(V_(Reservoir)), and that the user typically dispenses two liters perusage (V_(Total)) at half hour intervals. If the user seeks to have aC_(Total) of five percent in the two liters of dispensed fluid duringeach usage, and the particular additive 140 is fast diffusing such thatit saturates the fluid in fluid reservoir 120 (V_(Static)) in less thana half hour, then V_(Static) may be calculated as (assuming C_(Flowing)is negligible):

V _(static)=(1/(C _(static) /C _(total)))*V _(total)

Knowing V_(Reservoir) and V_(Static), the user may identify anappropriately sized capsule as the difference between V_(Reservoir) andV_(Static). One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize how toidentify an appropriately sized vessel for variations of the parametersabove based on the relationships and other disclosure provided herein.

Further parameters and relationships may be considered in controllingpassive dosing of fluid dispensed from fluid dispensing system 100. Inthis discussion, how quickly the solid dissolves and diffuses into thesurrounding volume of water is represented as the diffusion flux, α. Thediffusion coefficient in the following equations has been simplified asvariable D, however there are many contributing factors which the valueD can represent (e.g., time, temperature, pressure and solubility).

Shortly after the dissolving process begins the additive will be in aliberated soluble aqueous state and can diffuse throughout thesurrounding volume of water. This change in concentration is representedwith −dc. The change in the concentration varies over a distancerepresented by dx. Overall, this diffusion rate and concentrationgradient is described in the following Equation 1:

α₁ =D*(−dc/dx)

-   -   α₁=concentration flux    -   D=diffusion coefficient of additive    -   (−dc/dx)=change in additive concentration over change in        distance

As shown in FIG. 4 , the additive 140 is contained in a capsule 130which is contained in the fluid reservoir 120 of the filter element 110.The concentration of the additive 140 now dispersed throughout thecapsule fluid reservoir 134 can be represented as below in Equation 2.

c₁*v₁

-   -   c₁=concentration of additive inside capsule fluid reservoir at        time per α₁    -   v₁=volume of capsule containing additive

The resulting concentration of additive 140 in the fluid reservoir 120depends on the surface area of opening(s) 133 in the closed top 131 orcapsule body 132. How much additive 140 will diffuse from the capsule130 into the fluid reservoir 120 is represented below in Equation 3:

α₂ =D*(−dc/dx)

-   -   α₂=concentration of additive in the fluid reservoir    -   D=diffusion constant    -   (−dc/dx)=concentration flux (change in additive concentration        over change in distance)

Similar to Equation 2 above the concentration of the additive 140 nowdispersed throughout the fluid reservoir 120 is represented below inEquation 4.

c₂*v₂

-   -   c₂=concentration of additive inside fluid reservoir per α2        (time)    -   v₂=volume of fluid reservoir

After a given time the capsule concentration and fluid reservoir 120concentration will reach an equilibrium. Once a user begins operation ofthe fluid dispensing system 100 by flowing fluid (e.g., water) throughthe filter element 110, the concentration of additive 140 that has beendiffused to the fluid reservoir 120 will exit the fluid reservoir 120and enter the user's vessel (e.g., a coffee pot; not shown). Theconcentration of additive 140 in the capsule 130 will substantiallyremain the same as the fluid flow path does enter the capsule. Equation5 conveys the final concentration of additive 140 in the user's vessel:

c₃*v₃

-   -   c₃=concentration of additive inside user vessel    -   v₃=volume of user vessel

Combining Equations 4 & 5 the concentration in the user's vessel can bemore easily calculated using the resulting Equation 6.

(v ₂ *c ₂)/v ₃ =c ₃

-   -   c₂=concentration of additive inside fluid reservoir per α2        (time)    -   v₂=volume of fluid reservoir    -   c₃=target concentration of additive inside user vessel    -   v₃=volume of user vessel

Diffusion Example

The additive 140 in the following example is a lime scale inhibitor(LSI) in the form of disodium phosphate with a molecular weight of177.99 g/mol and a solubility of 0.12 g/ml @ 20° C. The capsule 130 hasan outer diameter (OD) of 2.5 cm and a height of 10 cm, where the 10 cmheight represents dx. In the following example the diffusion coefficientD was determined from experimentation and referenced with literature tobe 5.2E−08 cm²/s. Changing units of the LSI to mol/cm³ results in avalue of 6.63E−04: this represents −dc. As shown in FIG. 4 , theadditive 140 is sitting at the bottom of the capsule 130.

After calculation the flux of this system, α₁ is −3.45E−09 mol/(cm²/s).

α₁ =D*(−dc/dx)

−3.45E−12 mol/(cm²/s)=5.2E−08 cm²/s*(−6.63E−04 mol/cm³/10 cm)

Because filter use is generally sporadic, the concentration is targetedfor performance and best user experience within a 24 hr period. In thisexample, the optimal concentration for this particular additive is 1-2mg/L. The fluid reservoir 120 volume*v₂ is 32 mL, and the target uservessel volume v₃ is 236.56 mL

Using Equation 6 from above and using 2 mg/L for the vessel additiveconcentration c₃ it is evident after calculation that the targetconcentration in the fluid reservoir 120 should be roughly 15 mg/L.

(c ₂ *v ₂)/v ₃ =c ₃

[(15 mg/L)*(32 mL)]/(236.56 mL)=2.0 mg/L

Now that the flux is calculated (the amount of additive movement perarea per time) as well as the target concentration of additive in thefluid reservoir 120 c₃ for optimal performance and user experience, thetime needed to reach this concentration is considered. Referencing theunits from flux above it can be determined that there are severalvariables: area, mol, and time:

flux=mol/(cm²/s)

flux=mol/(capsule area*time)

Rearranging the equation above to solve for time yields:

time=mol/(capsule area*flux)

The time needed to diffuse an optimal concentration of 15 mg/L to thefluid reservoir 120 can be solved as shown below.

1.15E+05 s=1.95E−06 mol/(4.91 cm²*[3.45E−12 mol/(cm²*s)])

The value 1.15E+05 seconds corresponds to roughly 32 hours. Rearrangingagain and using 24 hrs (8.64E+04 s) instead of 32 results in 11 mg/L inthe fluid reservoir 120 within that time period:

mol=time*capsule area*flux

1.46E−06 mols=8.64E+04 s*4.91 cm²*3.45E−12 mol/[cm²*s]

1.46E−06 mols=11 mg/L

This corresponds to 1.5 mg/L in the user's vessel:

[(11 mg/L)*(32 mL)]/(236.56 mL)=1.5 mg/L

The subject matter described herein are directed to technologicalimprovements to the field of fluid additives by extending the life of afluid capsule. It is understood that the system is not limited in itsapplication to the details of construction and the arrangement ofcomponents set forth in the previous description or illustrated in thedrawings. The system and methods disclosed herein fall within the scopeof numerous embodiments. The previous discussion is presented to enablea person skilled in the art to make and use embodiments of the system.Any portion of the structures and/or principles included in someembodiments can be applied to any and/or all embodiments: it isunderstood that features from some embodiments presented herein arecombinable with other features according to some other embodiments.Thus, some embodiments of the system are not intended to be limited towhat is illustrated but are to be accorded the widest scope consistentwith all principles and features disclosed herein.

Some embodiments of the system are presented with specific values and/orsetpoints. These values and setpoints are not intended to be limitingand are merely examples of a higher configuration versus a lowerconfiguration and are intended as an aid for those of ordinary skill tomake and use the system.

Furthermore, acting as Applicant's own lexicographer, Applicant impartsthe explicit meaning and/or disavow of claim scope to the followingterms:

Applicant defines any use of “and/or” such as, for example, “A and/orB,” or “at least one of A and/or B” to mean element A alone, element Balone, or elements A and B together. In addition, a recitation of “atleast one of A, B, and C,” a recitation of “at least one of A, B, or C,”or a recitation of “at least one of A, B, or C or any combinationthereof” are each defined to mean element A alone, element B alone,element C alone, or any combination of elements A, B and C, such as AB,AC, BC, or ABC, for example.

“Substantially” and “approximately” when used in conjunction with avalue encompass a difference of 5% or less of the same unit and/or scaleof that being measured.

“Simultaneously” as used herein includes lag and/or latency timesassociated with a conventional and/or proprietary computer, such asprocessors and/or networks described herein attempting to processmultiple types of data at the same time. “Simultaneously” also includesthe time it takes for digital signals to transfer from one physicallocation to another, be it over a wireless and/or wired network, and/orwithin processor circuitry.

As used herein, “can” or “may” or derivations there of (e.g., the systemdisplay can show X) are used for descriptive purposes only and isunderstood to be synonymous and/or interchangeable with “configured to”(e.g., the computer is configured to execute instructions X) whendefining the metes and bounds of the system.

In addition, the term “configured to” means that the limitations recitedin the specification and/or the claims must be arranged in such a way toperform the recited function: “configured to” excludes structures in theart that are “capable of” being modified to perform the recited functionbut the disclosures associated with the art have no explicit teachingsto do so. For example, a recitation of a “container configured toreceive a fluid from structure X at an upper portion and deliver fluidfrom a lower portion to structure Y” is limited to systems wherestructure X, structure Y, and the container are all disclosed asarranged to perform the recited function. The recitation “configured to”excludes elements that may be “capable of” performing the recitedfunction simply by virtue of their construction but associateddisclosures (or lack thereof) provide no teachings to make such amodification to meet the functional limitations between all structuresrecited.

Although method operations are presented in a specific order accordingto some embodiments, the execution of those steps do not necessarilyoccur in the order listed unless explicitly specified. Also, otherhousekeeping operations can be performed in between operations,operations can be adjusted so that they occur at slightly differenttimes, and/or operations can be distributed in a system which allows theoccurrence of the processing operations at various intervals associatedwith the processing, as long as the processing of the overlay operationsare performed in the desired way and result in the desired systemoutput.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that while the systemhas been described above in connection with particular embodiments andexamples, the system is not necessarily so limited, and that numerousother embodiments, examples, uses, modifications and departures from theembodiments, examples and uses are intended to be encompassed by theclaims attached hereto. The entire disclosure of each patent andpublication cited herein is incorporated by reference, as if each suchpatent or publication were individually incorporated by referenceherein. Various features and advantages of the system are set forth inthe following claims.

1. A fluid dispensing system comprising: a fluid reservoir; and a capsule comprising an elongate body having a closed top, a closed bottom, a side wall, and an interior, the capsule situated within the fluid reservoir and configured to contain an additive material in the interior, the capsule having: (i) a size configured to allow a predetermined volume of fluid to collect within the fluid reservoir (“static fluid volume”), and (ii) a single opening positioned in the closed top or in the side wall and configured to control a rate at which the additive material passively diffuses into the static fluid volume from a volume of fluid within the capsule (“capsule fluid volume”), such that the static fluid volume is passively dosed with the additive material prior to being dispensed from the fluid dispensing system, and wherein, during each use, the fluid dispensing system is configured to dispense the passively dosed static fluid volume and a volume of flowing fluid (“flowing fluid volume”), such that the total volume of fluid dispensed from the fluid dispensing system has a predetermined concentration of the additive material (“total concentration”) proportional to the concentration of the additive in the passively dosed static fluid volume (“static concentration”) and the relative volume of the static fluid volume.
 2. The fluid dispensing system of claim 1, wherein the fluid reservoir comprises a hollow core of a filter element.
 3. (canceled)
 4. (canceled)
 5. (canceled)
 6. The fluid dispensing system of claim 1, wherein the closed top is a removable lid.
 7. The fluid dispensing system of claim 1, wherein the opening is configured to minimize transfer of the additive material from the capsule to the flowing fluid volume.
 8. The fluid dispensing system of claim 7, wherein using one opening minimizes a pressure differential between the interior of the capsule and fluid reservoir as the flowing fluid volume flows by the capsule.
 9. The fluid dispensing system of claim 1, wherein a capsule fluid reservoir volume (CFRV) and a diameter of the opening (COD) is selected according to the following equation: COD=CFRV*0.005.
 10. The fluid dispensing system of claim 1, wherein, to achieve a total concentration of 10 μg/L-1000 mg/L using the additive material having a solubility of 1 μg/L-1000 g/L in a total volume of 10-1,000,000 gallons fluid to be dispensed from the fluid dispensing system having a fluid reservoir volume of 1-1000 cm3, a capsule volumetric size is 2-999 cm3, and a size of the opening (COD) is 1-26 mm.
 11. The fluid dispensing system of claim 9, wherein the additive material comprises a scale inhibitor and the fluid comprises water.
 12. A method for dosing a fluid with an additive material, the method comprising: inserting a capsule into a fluid reservoir, the capsule comprising an elongate body having a closed top, a closed bottom, a side wall, and an interior, the capsule containing an additive material and having a size configured to allow a predetermined volume of fluid to collect within the fluid reservoir (“static fluid volume”); allowing the additive material to passively diffuse from a volume of fluid within the capsule (“capsule fluid volume”) into the static fluid volume through one or more openings in the capsule to passively dose the static fluid volume with a concentration of the additive material (“static concentration”); dispensing the passively dosed static fluid volume from the fluid reservoir; and directing a volume of fluid through the fluid reservoir (“flowing fluid volume”), wherein the one or more openings are positioned either in the closed top or in the side wall and, in such cases where the one or more openings comprise more than one opening, each of the openings being at approximately the same lengthwise position on the capsule, and wherein the static fluid volume and the static concentration are selected to impart the total volume of fluid dispensed from the fluid dispensing system with a predetermined concentration of the additive material (“total concentration”).
 13. The method of clam 12, wherein the size of the capsule is selected as the difference between a volume of the fluid reservoir and the static fluid volume.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein allowing the additive material to diffuse includes allowing a predetermined period of time to pass.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the predetermined period of time is selected based on at least one or a combination of the desired static concentration, a solubility of the additive material, a temperature of the fluid, a density of the fluid, pH, and electrical impedance.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein directing a volume of fluid through the fluid reservoir occurs at least partially concurrent with dispensing the passively dosed static fluid volume from the fluid reservoir.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein directing a volume of fluid through the fluid reservoir occurs subsequent to dispensing the passively dosed static fluid volume from the fluid reservoir.
 18. The method of clam 12, wherein the fluid reservoir comprises a hollow core of a filter element.
 19. (canceled)
 20. (canceled)
 21. The method of claim 12, wherein a capsule fluid reservoir volume (CFRV) and a collective diameter of the one or more openings (COD) are selected according to the following equation: COD=CFRV*0.005.
 22. The method of claim 12, wherein, to achieve a total concentration of 10 μg/L-1000 mg/L using the additive material having a solubility of 1 μg/L-1000 g/L in a total volume of 10-1,000,000 gallons fluid to be dispensed from the fluid dispensing system having a fluid reservoir volume of 1-1000 cm3, a capsule fluid reservoir volume (CFRV) is 2-999 cm3 and the collective diameter of the one or more openings (COD) is 1-26 mm.
 23. The method of claim 12, wherein the additive material comprises a scale inhibitor and the fluid comprises water.
 24. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more openings comprise more than one opening, and wherein situating the more than one opening at approximately the same lengthwise position on the capsule minimizes a pressure differential between the interior of the capsule and fluid reservoir as the flowing fluid volume flows by the capsule.
 25. The fluid dispensing system of claim 1, wherein the fluid reservoir comprises a fixed-volume structure configured to accommodate the capsule therein, store the static fluid volume about the capsule so as to permit diffusion of the additive into the static fluid volume, and permit the flowing fluid volume to enter into and be dispensed from the fixed-volume structure.
 26. The method of claim 12, wherein the fluid reservoir comprises a fixed-volume structure configured to accommodate the capsule therein, store the static fluid volume about the capsule so as to permit diffusion of the additive into the static fluid volume, and permit the flowing fluid volume to enter into and be dispensed from the fixed-volume structure.
 27. A fluid dispensing system comprising: a fluid reservoir; and a capsule comprising an elongate body having a closed top, a closed bottom, a side wall, and an interior, the capsule situated within the fluid reservoir and configured to contain an additive material in the interior, the capsule having: (i) a size configured to allow a predetermined volume of fluid to collect within the fluid reservoir (“static fluid volume”), and (ii) two or more openings positioned either in (i) the closed top or (ii) in the side wall, in each case of (i) or (ii) the two or more openings being situated at approximately the same lengthwise position on the capsule, and configured to control a rate at which the additive material passively diffuses into the static fluid volume from a volume of fluid within the capsule (“capsule fluid volume”), such that the static fluid volume is passively dosed with the additive material prior to being dispensed from the fluid dispensing system, and wherein, during each use, the fluid dispensing system is configured to dispense the passively dosed static fluid volume and a volume of flowing fluid (“flowing fluid volume”), such that the total volume of fluid dispensed from the fluid dispensing system has a predetermined concentration of the additive material (“total concentration”) proportional to the concentration of the additive in the passively dosed static fluid volume (“static concentration”) and the relative volume of the static fluid volume.
 28. The fluid dispensing system of claim 27, wherein the fluid reservoir comprises a hollow core of a filter element.
 29. The fluid dispensing system of claim 27, wherein the closed top is a removable lid.
 30. The fluid dispensing system of claim 27, wherein the two or more openings are configured to minimize transfer of the additive material from the capsule to the flowing fluid volume.
 31. The fluid dispensing system of claim 30, wherein using a plurality of openings each situated at approximately the same lengthwise position on the capsule minimizes a pressure differential between the interior of the capsule and fluid reservoir as the flowing fluid volume flows by the capsule.
 32. The fluid dispensing system of claim 27, wherein a capsule fluid reservoir volume (CFRV) and a collective diameter of the two or more openings (COD) are selected according to the following equation: COD=CFRV*0.005.
 33. The fluid dispensing system of claim 27, wherein, to achieve a total concentration of 10 μg/L-1000 mg/L using the additive material having a solubility of 1 μg/L-1000 g/L in a total volume of 10-1,000,000 gallons fluid to be dispensed from the fluid dispensing system having a fluid reservoir volume of 1-1000 cm3, a capsule volumetric size is 2-999 cm3, and a collective diameter of the two or more openings (COD) is 1-26 mm.
 34. The fluid dispensing system of claim 27, wherein the additive material comprises a scale inhibitor and the fluid comprises water.
 35. The fluid dispensing system of claim 27, wherein the fluid reservoir comprises a fixed-volume structure configured to accommodate the capsule therein, store the static fluid volume about the capsule so as to permit diffusion of the additive into the static fluid volume, and permit the flowing fluid volume to enter into and be dispensed from the fixed-volume structure. 